7、面向对象高级编程

面向对象高级编程 #

slots #

class Student(object):
    pass

>>> s = Student()
>>> s.name = 'Michael' # 动态给实例绑定一个属性
>>> print(s.name)
Michael

>>> def set_age(self, age): # 定义一个函数作为实例方法
...     self.age = age
...
>>> from types import MethodType
>>> s.set_age = MethodType(set_age, s) # 给实例绑定一个方法
>>> s.set_age(25) # 调用实例方法
>>> s.age # 测试结果
25

#给一个实例绑定的方法,对另一个实例是不起作用的
>>> s2 = Student() # 创建新的实例
>>> s2.set_age(25) # 尝试调用方法
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'set_age'

# 给class绑定方法后,所有实例均可调用
>>> def set_score(self, score):
...     self.score = score
...
>>> Student.set_score = set_score

>>> s.set_score(100)
>>> s.score
100
>>> s2.set_score(99)
>>> s2.score
99


#定义一个特殊的`__slots__`变量,来限制该class实例能添加的属性
class Student(object):
    __slots__ = ('name', 'age') # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称

使用__slots__要注意,__slots__定义的属性仅对当前类实例起作用,对继承的子类是不起作用的。

子类中也定义__slots__,这样,子类实例允许定义的属性就是自身的__slots__加上父类的__slots__

@property #

内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用。

class Student(object):

    # 把一个getter方法变成属性,只需要加上`@property`就可以了
    @property
    def score(self):
        return self._score

    @score.setter
    def score(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
        if value < 0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
        self._score = value
      
>>> s = Student()
>>> s.score = 60 # OK,实际转化为s.set_score(60)
>>> s.score # OK,实际转化为s.get_score()
60
>>> s.score = 9999
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!

把一个getter方法变成属性,只需要加上@property就可以了,此时,@property本身又创建了另一个装饰器@score.setter,负责把一个setter方法变成属性赋值。

# 只定义getter方法,不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性
# `birth`是可读写属性,而`age`就是一个只读属性
class Student(object):

    @property
    def birth(self):
        return self._birth

    @birth.setter
    def birth(self, value):
        self._birth = value

    @property
    def age(self):
        return 2015 - self._birth

多重继承 #

class Runnable(object):
    def run(self):
        print('Running...')

class Flyable(object):
    def fly(self):
        print('Flying...')

# Dog继承了Mammal,Runnable
class Dog(Mammal, Runnable):
    pass

枚举类 #

from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
for name, member in Month.__members__.items():
    print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
        
>>> Month.Oct.name 
'Oct' 
>>> Month.Oct.value 
10 
>>> Month(10) 
<Month.Oct: 10> 
>>> Month(10).value 
10 
>>> Month(10).name 
'Oct' 
        
    
# `@unique`装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
    Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
    Mon = 1
    Tue = 2
    Wed = 3
    Thu = 4
    Fri = 5
    Sat = 6
    
>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon

元类 #